Benzyl alcohol, also known as benzyl alcohol, has the molecular formula C6H5CH2OH and a density of 1.045g/mL at 25 ° C (lit.). It is the simplest fatty alcohol containing a phenyl group and can be considered as hydroxymethyl substituted benzene or phenyl substituted methanol. It is a colorless, transparent, viscous liquid with a weak aromatic odor. Sometimes, after prolonged storage, benzyl alcohol may have a slight bitter almond aroma due to oxidation. Polarity, low toxicity, low vapor pressure, therefore used as an alcohol solvent. Flammable. Slightly soluble in water (about 1 gram of benzyl alcohol is soluble in 25 milliliters of water), and can be mixed with organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, etc. Benzyl alcohol mainly exists in essence oils in the form of free or ester, such as jasmine oil, ylang ylang oil, jasmine oil, hyacinth oil, moonshine oil, Peruvian balsam and Tolu balsam. Benzyl alcohol is not suitable for long-term storage as it can slowly oxidize into benzaldehyde and benzyl ether in the air. Therefore, commercially available benzyl alcohol products often have an almond aroma characteristic of benzaldehyde. In addition, benzyl alcohol is also easily oxidized to benzoic acid by various oxidants, such as concentrated nitric acid. Benzyl alcohol has an anesthetic effect and strongly irritates the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. It is harmful to the body when swallowed, inhaled, or in contact with the skin. After ingestion, it can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal irritation, convulsions, coma, and in severe cases, death. The median lethal dose for rats is 1230mg/kg. After entering the human body, benzyl alcohol is first oxidized to benzoic acid, and then condensed with glycine in the liver to be excreted in the form of hippuric acid. The use of benzyl alcohol as a solvent for intramuscular injection may lead to gluteal muscle contraction.
Benzyl alcohol is used as a preservative for ointments, a desiccant for fibers, nylon filaments, and plastic films, a stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride, a photographic developer, a solvent for acetate fibers, inks, coatings, paints, epoxy resin coatings, dyes, casein, cordyceps, and gelatin, and an intermediate for the production of benzyl esters or ethers. It is also used to produce spices and flavoring agents (mostly benzyl esters of fatty acids) as additives in soaps, perfume, cosmetics and other products. Due to having almost the same refractive index as quartz and wool fibers, it is used as an identifier for quartz and wool fibers. The hydroxyl group of benzyl alcohol used as a fragrance fixative and diluent in the spice industry is very active. It can react with benzene to produce diphenylmethane, react with acrylonitrile to produce N-benzylacrylamide (Ritter reaction), and also react with phosphorus halides and hydrogen halide acids to produce benzyl halides. Benzyl halides and benzyl alcohol are both benzyl (benzyl) reagents used to give benzyl protecting groups to carboxylic acids and alcohol hydroxyl groups. The benzyl protecting group can be easily removed through hydrogenation. In addition, benzyl alcohol is also easily oxidized to benzoic acid by various oxidants. If nitric acid is used for oxidation, aldehydes or acids can be generated depending on concentration and temperature. When injecting penicillin, in order to prevent excessive pain in patients, benzyl alcohol is often used for anesthesia, so that the pain will not be too strong during the fight. Therefore, benzyl alcohol is also known as "painless water". However, a common side effect was soon discovered in clinical practice: gluteal muscle contracture. This is because benzyl alcohol is not easily absorbed by the human body and can accumulate at the injection site for a long time, leading to necrosis of surrounding muscles, and in severe cases, even affecting bone development. In 2005, the National Medical Products Administration issued a document prohibiting the use of benzyl alcohol as a solvent for penicillin injection.
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